The hedge fund also recommended increasing dividends by discontinuing share buybacks and divesting a minority stake in Glencore's lucrative trading division.

The world’s third-biggest coal miner after China and India undercounts methane emissions from production of the fuel by six to seven times, according to Ember.

Indigenous groups in British Columbia, Montana and Idaho lobbied for intervention by both federal governments.

Beijing should control mining activity, limit output and consolidate smaller producers into state-owned firms to “reduce disorderly competition,” Shanxi Coking Coal Energy Group Chairman Zhao Jianze said.